Edge Effects on Nesting Dickcissels (Spiza americana) in Relation to Edge Type of Remnant Tallgrass Prairie in Kansas

2004 ◽  
Vol 151 (1) ◽  
pp. 192-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILLIAM E. JENSEN ◽  
ELMER J. FINCK
Keyword(s):  
Tallgrass Prairie ◽  
Edge Effects ◽  
Edge Type ◽  
Spiza Americana

scholarly journals Evidence for Edge Effects on Multiple Levels in Tallgrass Prairie

The Condor ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 256-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maiken Winter ◽  
Douglas H. Johnson ◽  
John Faaborg
Keyword(s):  
Tallgrass Prairie ◽  
Edge Effects ◽  
Fragment Size ◽  
Nest Survival ◽  
Forest Edge ◽  
Nesting Success ◽  
Forest Edges ◽  
Artificial Nests ◽  
Spiza Americana ◽  
Ammodramus Henslowii

Abstract We tested how edges affect nest survival and predator distribution in a native tallgrass prairie system in southwestern Missouri using artificial nests, natural nests of Dickcissels (Spiza americana) and Henslow's Sparrows (Ammodramus henslowii), and mammal track stations. Survival of artificial nests was lower within 30 m of forest edge. Nesting success of Dickcissels and Henslow's Sparrows was lower within 50 m to a shrubby edge than at greater distances, whereas fates of nests were not related to distances to roads, agricultural fields, or forests. Evidence from clay eggs placed in artificial nests indicated that mid-sized carnivores were the major predators within 30 m of forest edges. Furthermore, mid-sized carnivores visited track stations most frequently within 50 m of forest edges. Because proximity of woody habitat explained more variation in nest survival and mammal activity than did fragment size, it appears that edge effects were more pronounced than area effects. Edge effects appeared to be caused mainly by greater exposure of nests to mid-sized carnivores. We argue that, based on edge avoidance behavior, “grassland-interior” species such as the Henslow's Sparrow respond to edge effects mainly by a decrease in density, whereas habitat generalists such as the Dickcissel are affected mainly by a decrease in nesting success.

scholarly journals Management responses of three species of declining sparrows in tallgrass prairie

1996 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott R. Swengel
Keyword(s):  
Tallgrass Prairie ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Spiza Americana ◽  
Grassland Songbirds ◽  
One Year

SummaryThree species of declining grassland songbirds were counted in June transects at 42 south-western Missouri (U.S.A.) prairie preserves managed three different ways: biennial July haying, spring burning on a 1–4 year cycle, and sites both burned and hayed every 2–4 years. Hayed prairies had twice as many Henslow's Sparrows Ammodramus henslowi as burned prairies and 2.5 times as many as sites which had been burned and hayed. Hayed prairies had 59% more Grasshopper Sparrows A. savannarum and 14% more Dickcissels Spiza americana than burned prairies. Fired and hayed sites had 34% higher detection rates of Grasshopper Sparrows than sites only burned and similar numbers of Henslow's Sparrows and Dickcissels as burned sites. The three species summed were 60% more abundant in hayed as in fired or fired and hayed prairies. Henslow's Sparrows increased and Grasshopper Sparrows decreased with time since the last management. Grasshopper Sparrows peaked one year earlier after haying than after burning. Dickcissels did not vary by time since last management. Henslow's Sparrows and Dickcissels were significantly more abundant in larger prairies. Preserve management for these three prairie birds should emphasize biennial to triennial mid-summer haying, instead of burning.

Edge Effects and Avian Community Structure in a Restored Tallgrass Prairie

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 328-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jared J. Beck ◽  
Mark J. McKone ◽  
Owen S. McMurtrey
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Tallgrass Prairie ◽  
Edge Effects ◽  
Avian Community ◽  
Avian Community Structure

scholarly journals Geographic Variation in Brown-Headed Cowbird (Molothrus Ater) Parasitism on Dickcissels (Spiza Americana) in Great Plains Tallgrass Prairie

The Auk ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 122 (2) ◽  
pp. 648-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Jensen ◽  
Jack F. Cully
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Tallgrass Prairie ◽  
Brood Parasitism ◽  
Molothrus Ater ◽  
Grassland Birds ◽  
Spiza Americana ◽  
Flint Hills ◽  
Cowbird Parasitism ◽  
Study Sites

Abstract The incidence of brood parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater; hereafter “cowbirds“) within host species typically reflects the continental pattern in cowbird abundance across North America, where parasitism is heaviest in the Great Plains. However, we found considerable variation in cowbird parasitism on Dickcissel (Spiza americana) nests within a subregion of the Great Plains (the Flint Hills), where the highest levels of cowbird parasitism on grassland bird nests had been previously reported. Local parasitism frequencies on Dickcissel nests varied latitudinally across the Flint Hills, ranging from 0% to 92% of nests parasitized. Interestingly, we found no obvious patterns in habitat or host attributes that were associated with this steep geographic gradient in brood parasitism. Cowbird parasitism on Dickcissel nests was not correlated with the vertical density of local prairie vegetation, mean nest distance to edge, proportion of forest to grassland habitat surrounding study sites (≤5 to 10 km), geographic variation in host abundance, or Dickcissel density or nest initiation dates. Parasitism frequencies and intensities (number of cowbird eggs per parasitized nest) on Dickissel nests were only significantly related to variation in local female cowbird density. Dickcissel clutch size and apparent fledging success were negatively correlated with local cowbird parasitism levels. Geographic patterns in cowbird abundance within and among regions should be considered when establishing conservation areas for grassland birds or other cowbird hosts of concern.

Leaf traits of Eucalyptus arenacea (Myrtaceae) as indicators of edge effects in temperate woodlands of south-eastern Australia

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 365
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Wright ◽  
Sabine Kasel ◽  
Michael Tausz ◽  
Lauren T. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Edge Effects ◽  
Nutrient Enrichment ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Physiological Measures ◽  
Edge Type ◽  
Eastern Australia

Despite recent trends in using plant functional traits to describe ecosystem responses to environmental change, few studies have examined the capacity of traits to represent environmental variation for individual species at small spatial scales, such as across forest edges. We examined the utility of 12 easy-to-measure leaf traits (fresh weight to dry weight ratio, specific leaf area (SLA), osmolality, δ13C, δ15N, and concentrations of key nutrients) to detect edge effects on the function of a dominant woodland tree, Eucalyptus arenacea Marginson & Ladiges. The study included replicate E. arenacea trees at the woodland edge (0 m) and interior (75 m from edge) of three woodlands adjoined by pasture and three woodlands adjoined by plantation established on pasture. Leaf traits proved useful in identifying potentially degrading processes at woodland edges. Notably, greater leaf P concentrations and δ15N in edge than interior trees irrespective of edge type (pasture versus plantation) indicated persistent effects of nutrient enrichment from agricultural practices; and leaf osmolality and Na concentrations indicated greatest exposure of woodland trees to salinity at pasture edges. Nonetheless, leaf traits proved less useful in detecting edge effects on tree physiology, with most traits being non-responsive to a pronounced interactive effect of edge type and distance from edge on physiological measures. In addition, negative correlations between SLA and physiological measures of tree productivity were contrary to global relationships. Overall, we found that although particular leaf traits indicated potentially degrading processes of nutrient enrichment and salinisation, they were not reliable indicators of small-scale edge effects on the physiological function of E. arenacea.

scholarly journals Effects of Distance to Edge and Edge Type on Nestling Growth and Nest Survival in the Wood Thrush

The Condor ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 288-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara A. Kaiser ◽  
Catherine A. Lindell
Keyword(s):  
Edge Effects ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Nest Survival ◽  
Regression Tree ◽  
Hylocichla Mustelina ◽  
Edge Type ◽  
Nestling Growth ◽  
Forest Interior ◽  
Daily Nest Survival ◽  
Wood Thrushes

Abstract Many studies investigating edge effects on forest-nesting birds have focused on nest success. Fewer have examined edge effects on other components of fitness. Nestling growth rates have been positively correlated with food availability, which may differ at edges compared to the forest interior. However, previous work has not examined growth as a function of distance to edge and edge type. We investigated whether edge type, distance to edge, hatching date, brood size, brood parasitism, year, and site influenced growth rates of wings, tarsi, and mass of nestling Wood Thrushes (Hylocichla mustelina) using regression tree analyses. Simultaneously, we examined edge effects on daily nest survival. We conducted our study in southwestern Michigan in 2002 and 2003. We located 175 nests and measured nestlings from 61 nests. Contrary to expectations, tarsal and mass growth rates were more rapid near edges than in the forest interior and tarsal growth rates were more rapid near gradual edge types than near abrupt edge types. Wing chord growth rates were more rapid in the forest interior than at edges. Mass and tarsal growth rates were more rapid later in the breeding season, when brood sizes were smaller. We found no effect of edge type or distance to edge on nest survival. The influence of edge on nestling growth rate but not nest survival suggests nestling growth rates may indicate edge-interior and edge type differences in habitat quality, even when high regional fragmentation levels overwhelm potential edge-interior differences in nest survival.

Distinct Animal-Generated Edge Effects in a Tallgrass Prairie Community

Ecology ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 1281-1285 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. J. Reichman ◽  
J. H. Bendix ◽  
T. R. Seastedt
Keyword(s):  
Tallgrass Prairie ◽  
Edge Effects ◽  
Prairie Community

Applications of Photoelectron Microscopy

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 506-507
Author(s):  
William J. Baxter
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Ultraviolet Radiation ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Edge Effects ◽  
Electron Optics ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Crystalline Orientation ◽  
Fluorescent Screen

In this form of electron microscopy, photoelectrons emitted from a metal by ultraviolet radiation are accelerated and imaged onto a fluorescent screen by conventional electron optics. image contrast is determined by spatial variations in the intensity of the photoemission. The dominant source of contrast is due to changes in the photoelectric work function, between surfaces of different crystalline orientation, or different chemical composition. Topographical variations produce a relatively weak contrast due to shadowing and edge effects.Since the photoelectrons originate from the surface layers (e.g. ∼5-10 nm for metals), photoelectron microscopy is surface sensitive. Thus to see the microstructure of a metal the thin layer (∼3 nm) of surface oxide must be removed, either by ion bombardment or by thermal decomposition in the vacuum of the microscope.

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